What is a civilian

This page is a translation of the German original. If anything is unclear, the German text applies.

Civilians are non-military persons who do not belong to an army and do not take part in hostilities. Unlike combatants, they enjoy special protection under International Humanitarian Law, in particular under the Fourth Geneva Convention of 1949.

Characteristics of a civilian

No military affiliation

A civilian does not belong to any army, armed force or armed group. They do not wear a military uniform and do not bear arms on behalf of a state or non-state military organisation.

Non-combatant status

Civilians have no combatant status and do not take a direct part in hostilities. This status is decisive for the protection they are entitled to under International Humanitarian Law.

Protection in armed conflict

The Fourth Geneva Convention of 1949 expressly provides that civilians must not be attacked, must not be subjected to inhumane treatment, and that their fundamental rights must be respected even in times of war.

Importance in International Humanitarian Law

The concept of the civilian is at the core of International Humanitarian Law. The clear distinction between combatants and civilians — the so-called principle of distinction — is a central principle that aims to protect the population from the worst effects of armed conflicts.

Registration as a civilian with the IOV documents this status and can serve as proof that the registered person does not belong to a military organisation and claims full protection under International Humanitarian Law.